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| Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
Introduction
Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) is a type of process control system architecture that
enables high-level process monitoring management and control using a computer,
network data communication, and graphical human-machine interfaces. SCADA
systems communicate with other devices such as programmable logic controllers
and PID controllers to interact with industrial process plants and equipment.
The SCADA system collects
information and data from processes that are analyzed in real-time. It records
and logs data and represents the data collected by various HMIs. This allows
process control operators to monitor what is happening in the field, even from
a remote location. The operator can also interact with the HMI to control these
processes.
Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems are integral to a wide range of industries and are
widely used for process control and monitoring. SCADA systems are popular
because of their ability to control, monitor, and send data smartly and
seamlessly. In today's data-driven world, we're always looking for ways to use
the right data to drive automation and make smarter decisions. The SCADA system
is a great way to do this.
The supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) system can be run virtually, allowing operators to track
the entire process from their location or control room. You can save time by
using SCADA efficiently. One such good example is the widespread use of SCADA
systems in the oil and gas sector. A large pipeline is used to transfer oils
and chemicals within the manufacturing unit. Therefore, safety plays an
important role in preventing leaks along the pipeline. If a leak occurs, use
the SCADA system to identify the leak. Guess the information and send it to the
system, display the information on the computer screen, and alert the operator.
A generic supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) system contains both hardware and software components.
The computer used for analysis must have the SCADA software loaded. The
hardware component receives the input data and sends it to the system for
further analysis. The SCADA system contains a hard disk, which records the
data, saves it in a file, and then prints it out as required by the operator.
SCADA systems are used in a variety of industries and manufacturing units
including energy, food and beverage, oil and gas, power, water, and waste
management units.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Architecture
In general, Supervisory control
and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are centralized systems that monitor and
control an entire area. This is a pure software package that sits on top of
your hardware. The monitoring system collects data about the process and sends
command control to the process. SCADA is a remote terminal unit also called
RTU. Most control actions are performed automatically by the RTU or PLC. The
RTU consists of programmable logic converters that can be set to specific
requirements. For example, in a thermal power plant, the water flow can be set
to a specific value or modified according to your requirements.
With the supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) system, the operator can change the flow setpoints and
enable alarm conditions if the flow is lost and hot, and the condition is
displayed and recorded. SCADA monitors the overall performance of the system
loop. The SCADA system is a centralized system for communicating with both
wired and wireless technologies and Clint devices. SCADA system control can
perfectly carry out all kinds of industrial processes.
Hardware Architecture:
A supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) station is a server and consists of one PC. The data server
communicates with field devices via a process controller such as a PLC or RTU.
The PLC is connected to the data server either directly or via a network or
bus. SCADA systems utilize WAN and LAN networks. WANs and LANs consist of
Internet protocols used for communication between master stations and devices.
A physical device such as a sensor connected to a PLC or RTU. The RTU converts
the sensor signal into digital data and sends the digital data to the master.
The electrical signal is applied to the relay according to the master feedback
received by the RTU. As shown, most of the monitoring and control operations
are performed by the RTU or PLC.
Software Architecture:
Most servers are used for
multitasking and real-time databases. The server is responsible for collecting
and processing the data. The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
system consisting of a software program for the provision of the trend, diagnostic
data, and information management, e.g. B. Schedule maintenance procedures,
logistical information, detailed schematics for certain sensors or machines as
well as expert systems. This means that the operator can see a schematic of the
plant being controlled.
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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System Work Procedure
Monitoring/Control
These functions are performed by
sensors, RTUs, controllers, and communication networks. The sensor is used to
collect important information and the RTU is used to send this information to
the controller to display the status of the system. Depending on the status of
the system, the user can give commands to other system components. This
operation is performed by the communication network.
Data Collection
A real-time system consists of
thousands of components and sensors. Knowing the status of specific components
and sensors is very important. For example, some sensors measure the flow of
water from a reservoir to a water tank, and some sensors measure the value of
pressure because water is a discharge from the reservoir.
Data Communication
Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems use wired networks to communicate between users and
devices. Real-time applications use many sensors and components that need to be
controlled remotely. The SCADA system uses internet communication. All
information is sent over the internet using specific protocols. The RTU is used
to communicate between the sensor and the network interface because the sensor
and relay cannot communicate with the network protocol.
Information / Data Presentation
A typical circuit network has
several indicators that can be displayed for control, but real-time Supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems have thousands of sensors and
alarms that cannot be processed simultaneously. The Supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) system use the Human Machine Interface (HMI) to
provide all the information collected from various sensors.
Human Machine Interface
The Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) system use a human-machine interface. Information is
displayed and monitored for human processing. The HMI provides access to
multiple control units such as PLC and RTU. The HMI provides a graphical
representation of your system. For example, it provides a graphic image of a pump
connected to a tank. The user can see the water flow and water pressure. An
important part of the HMI is the alarm system, which operates according to
predefined values.
Applications of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
SCADA comprehensively uses
features such as flexibility, reliability, and scalability in the automation of
complex systems. There are myriad applications in the real world where SCADA is
already effective in providing alternative monitoring and control alternatives
across a wide range of sectors, from energy production to agricultural systems.
SCADA is widely used in various fields from chemistry, gas, water,
communication, power system.
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| Applications of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) |
Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution
Using the SCADA system, electric
utilities detect current and line voltage, monitor circuit breaker activity, and bring sections of the grid online or offline.
Manufacturing Unit
SCADA systems are used to
coordinate industrial automation and robots, and monitor process and quality
control.
Mass Transportation and Railway Towing
Transportation staff uses SCADA to
regulate power for subways, trams, and trolleybuses. Automate rail traffic
signals; monitor, and identify trains and buses, control crossing doors
Water, Wastewater Utilities and Sewage
State and local water utilities
use SCADA to monitor and control water flow, tank concentration, pipe pressure,
and other variables.
Building, Facility, Environment
Facility managers use SCADA to
coordinate HVAC, cooling, lighting, and input systems.
Water Security
Much research is ongoing on how
to implement modern SCADA concepts in water treatment plants while minimizing
the risk of unauthorized network access (cyber risk is an ongoing issue for
large companies). SCADA's communication network is distributed throughout the
water distribution system, as shown in the figure below. PC-based workstations
are usually located in the control room processing facility, allowing the
operator to see the entire process and take control measures.
In the factory, PLC is used for
chemical processing and filters. A local area network (LAN) is used to link the
controller to workstations. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) are used in remote
locations and are commonly used in sensitive areas such as pumping stations,
storage tanks, valve storage and processing centers. RTU communicates in a wide
area network represented by the wireless system shown in the figure below. An
important advantage of the SCADA scheme is safety measures and coordination of
activities. SCADA systems connected to perimeter surveillance systems can
significantly reduce or even eliminate the need for manned patrols.
The SCADA scheme, unlike patrol,
can provide continuous monitoring of all locations. You can easily interface
with security systems or appliances such as video cameras, motion detectors,
touch switches, keypad input devices, card readers, etc. either directly or
through a remote terminal unit (RTU) adjacent to the SCADA network. Today's SCADA
systems also provide alarm management when many alarms occur in a short time.
Thermal Power Plant
Most thermal power plants have
automatic operational inspections. However, you may need to take manual action.
Therefore, the plant is equipped with a monitoring system and an alarm system
to alert the plant operator when a particular running para-counter deviates
significantly from its normal range. Thermal power plants are in high demand
for increased reliability and effectiveness. After regular intervals, the power
plant requires ongoing inspection and tracking. When a human employee measures
at different stages, there is a chance of error. To improve reliability,
automation is needed to improve the efficiency of typical power plants.
Automation is established using PLC and SCADA to reduce human worker error.
SCADA system is used to monitor the complete process.
Forestry, Pulp, and Paper Industry
The forestry, pulp and paper
industries also rely on the SCADA system. Automation and process control,
energy management, drive control, power protection, enclosure systems, and
safety make the industry a good candidate for SCADA.
SCADA systems are used throughout
the paper supply chain, from within the woodyard to chippers, evaporators,
digesters, refiners, cleaners, dryers and presses, and even paper machines.
This complex tree-to-paper process is automated end-to-end through the use of
established SCADA systems.
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